Arne Sunde
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Arne Toralf Sunde
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| In office 21 November 1930 – 12 May 1931 |
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| In office 3 March 1933 – 20 March 1935 |
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Consultative Councillor of State
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| In office 7 June 1940 – 9 November 1940 |
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| In office 19 November 1940 – 1 November 1942 |
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| In office 1 November 1942 – 25 June 1945 |
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Ambassador to the United Nations
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| In office 1949 – 1952 |
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President of the United Nations Security Council
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| In office July 1950 – July 1950 |
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| Born | 6 December 1883 |
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| Died | 30 July 1972 (aged 88) |
| Nationality | Norwegian |
| Political party | Liberal Party of Norway |
| Spouse | Titti Sunde[1] |
| Relations | Major Bjørn Sunde (brother)[2] |
| Profession | Army officer Olympic shooter Bank chief Nortraship leader |
Arne Toralf Sunde (6 December 1883 – 30 July 1972)[3] was a Norwegian politician, Olympic shooter and army officer. He is best known for his participation in the 1940 Norwegian Campaign, his participation in the Cabinet Nygaardsvold during its 1940-1945 exile in London and three years as an United Nations ambassador. Sunde was President of the United Nations Security Council in July 1950.
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Arne Sunde married a woman by the name of Titti before World War II.[1]
Sunde was an avid sports shooter in the Oslo-based Christiania Skytterlag and participated in the Norwegian team in the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden. He competed in the following events in 1912:[4]
Sunde was educated in law and military studies.[5] Before 1930 he worked as a barrister.[6]
One of Arne Sunde's earliest encounters with national politics came in 1926. At the appointment of Cabinet Lykke under Conservative Party politician Ivar Lykke many Norwegian instead wanted a national unity government led by explorer, scientist, diplomat and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Fridtjof Nansen.[7] During the Cabinet Lykke controversy Arne Sunde was one of a number of prominent Norwegians who signed a declaration calling on Norway's conservative parties to approach King Haakon VII and ask him to request that Doctor Nansen form a conservative government of national unity.[8]
Sunde was appointed Minister of Justice in the Liberal Party of Norway's second cabinet Mowinckel in November 1930. He lost this position in May 1931,[3] when the Agrarian cabinet Kolstad took over.[6] In 1932–1933 Sunde presided for Norway in the Eastern Greenland Case at the Permanent Court of International Justice.[5] In March 1933, the Agrarian cabinet fell, and Sunde returned to government as Minister of Justice in the third cabinet Mowinckel.[3] The cabinet lasted until March 1935, when it was replaced by the cabinet Nygaardsvold.[9]
After his initial political career Sunde took up banking, holding the position of a bank chief when the German invasion came in 1940.[10][1]
Arne Sunde, a reserve officer, participated in the fighting following the German invasion of Norway.[5]
[edit] Battle of Dombås
The main fighting that Major Arne Sunde participated in during the Norwegian Campaign was the Battle of Dombås where he from 17 to 19 April 1940 led the 1st Battalion, Infantry Regiment 11 and an assortment of other units to victory against a company of German Fallschirmjäger soldiers that had been dropped against the Norwegian railway and road junction of Dombås on 14 April.[11] The German force had been tasked with cutting the rail and road links between the port of Åndalsnes in Western Norway and the Gudbrandsdal valley to the south-east.[12] By 19 April the leader of the German force, Oberleutnant Herbert Schmidt, asked for a negotiated surrender, but was rejected by Sunde. Major Sunde demanded an unconditional surrender within 10 minutes or else he would resume the artillery bombardment of the surrounded German positions. Nine and a half minutes later the around 150 remaining German Fallschirmjäger soldiers surrendered to the Norwegian forces led by Sunde.[11]
After the Cabinet Nygaardsvold requisitioned the Norwegian merchant navy Sunde was ordered to London together with Øivind Lorentzen og Benjamin Vogt to build a Norwegian shipping mission in exile.[5] Sunde left Norway from the south-western port of Åndalsnes on the British cruiser HMS Galatea in the late hours of 23 April 1940, bringing 200 large crates of gold bars belonging to the Norwegian National Treasury to the United Kingdom.[13] The transport of the gold from the Norges Bank central bank headquarters in Oslo had been guarded by troops led by his brother, Bjørn Sunde, also a major in the Norwegian Army.[2] On 7 June 1940 Sunde was appointed consultative Councillor of State without portfolio, as one of two new councillors not from the Labour Party, the other being the Agrarian Party's Anders Fjeldstad.[14] The appointment of the two new councillors of state was mentioned in a speech by King Haakon VII in a radio address to the occupied Norwegian people on 26 August 1940.[10] At the same he time continued as a member of the consultative council of the shipping director. From 19 November 1940 to 1 November 1942 he headed the Norwegian Ministry of Provisioning. When that ministry was restructured on 1 November 1942 Arne Sunde continued as Minister of Shipping until he left the cabinet on 25 June 1945, after the end of World War II and the return of the Norwegian authorities from exile abroad.[5]
[edit] Conflicts
Sunde's time in exile was marked by difficulties, with almost constant conflicts with the leaders of Nortraship. While Sunde and most of the other politicians wanted increased political control over the shipping company, the leadership of Nortraship wanted greater freedom to make business decisions. One result of the conflicts was that the Minister of Shipping's authority was decreased by Royal Resolution on 3 September 1943.[5]
One of the earliest and most dramatic conflicts involving Sunde in London was when he, supported by fellow non-Labour Party ministers Anders Fjelstad and Sven Nielsen, demanded on 6 August 1940 that Minister of Foreign Affairs Halvdan Koht resign from his post. The conflict was based in personal animosities between Sunde and Koht, as well as the impression that Koht had been responsible for Norway's failed policy of neutrality before the German attack in April 1940. Sunde withdrew his demands when he realised that he did have the support of Prime Minister Johan Nygaardsvold.[15]
Despite the many internal conflicts within the various parts of the Norwegian authorities during their time in exile Sunde defended the Cabinet Nygaardsvold during a 21 October 1942 meeting with four priests of the Norwegian Church Abroad who were accusing Nygaardsvold of excluding people not associated with the Labour Party from influential positions. Sunde stated that in his opinion the Cabinet had always made it a priority to attract competent individuals to its service, regardless of those individuals' political affiliations.[16]
Sunde's first task after World War II was to head the last board of Nortraship, tasked with dissolving the company.[5]
In 1949–1952 Arne Sunde was the Norwegian ambassador to the United Nations.[5] The perhaps pivotal moment of his career at the United Nations came on 7 July 1950 when he, as President of the Security Council,[17] led the meeting that adopted the United Nations Security Council Resolution 84, recommending United Nations member states to assist the Republic of Korea in resisting the invasion initiated some two weeks earlier by the Democratic People's Republic of Korea.[18] The resolution paved the way for a United States-led UN force in the Korean War.[19] During the negotiations leading up to the resolution Sunde clashed with US ambassador Warren R. Austin, Austin offending Sunde to such a degree that one observer believed that personal relations between the US and Norwegian delegations had been "irreconcilably damaged".[20] At the time the Secretary-General of the United Nations was the Norwegian Trygve Lie and Norway was a non-permanent member of the Security Council.[21]
[edit] Quotations
...the stamina and courage of American boys who hardly dreamed 14 days ago that they were to be the first to fight for the ideals and principles of the United Nations . . . Let us hope that we shall not fall too far behind these men in our determination and in our dedication. (Security Council President Sunde about US soldiers fighting in the early phases of the Korean War).[18]
Malik is very rude. And he looks as if he believed in his rudeness. (Ambassador Sunde about fellow United Nations ambassador, Soviet Yakov Malik).[22]
- ^ a b c Larsen, Stein Ugelvik; Beatrice Sandberg, Volker Dahm, Sicherheitspolizei (2008) (in German). Meldungen aus Norwegen 1940-1945: Die geheimen Lageberichte des Befehlshabers der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD in Norwegen. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. p. 16. ISBN 3486558919. http://books.google.no/books?id=q_E--eQApUUC&pg=PA16&dq=%22Arne+Sunde%22&lr=.
- ^ a b Øksendal 1974: 84
- ^ a b c "Arne Toralf Sunde" (in Norwegian). Norwegian Social Science Data Services (NSD). Retrieved on 15 November 2008.
- ^ "Arne Sunde". Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved on 15 November 2008.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Thowsen, Atle (1995). "Sunde, Arne (Toralf)". Norsk krigsleksikon 1940–45. Ed. Dahl, Hans Fredrik. Oslo: Cappelen. Retrieved on 2008-11-15. (Norwegian)
- ^ a b "Johan Mowinckel's Second Government". Government of Norway. Retrieved on 15 November 2008.
- ^ "Ivar Lykke (1872-1949)" (in Norwegian). Trondheim municipality. Retrieved on 16 November 2008.
- ^ "Dokumentasjonswebside om Eystein Eggen, Gutten fra Gimle." (in Norwegian). Tidens Tegn. Pluto.no. Retrieved on 16 November 2008.
- ^ "Johan Mowinckel's Third Government". Government of Norway. Retrieved on 15 November 2008.
- ^ a b "Haakon 7: Om Regjeringens og Kongens avreise fra Norge" (in Norwegian). Virksomme ord. Retrieved on 16 November 2008.
- ^ a b Hauge 1995: 261
- ^ Hauge 1995: 249
- ^ Øksendal 1974: 51, 126
- ^ Voksø 1995: 44
- ^ Voksø 1995: 62
- ^ Voksø 1995: 274
- ^ "Presidents of the Security Council : 1950-1959". United Nations. Retrieved on 16 November 2008.
- ^ a b “Strength on Double Seven”, Time Magazine (17 July 1950). Retrieved on 16 November 2008.
- ^ (7 July 1950). "84 (1950) Resolution of 7 July 1950" (Portable Document Format). 5–6 United Nations. Retrieved on 2008-11-16.
- ^ Stueck, William Whitney (1997). The Korean War: An international history. Princeton University Press. p. 57. ISBN 0691016240. http://books.google.no/books?id=nvAcPSNakuQC&pg=PA57&lpg=PA57&dq=UN+Ambassador+Arne+Sunde&source=web&ots=1_5xcjY1mm&sig=P1CXGJhC-NxCE7X-_XWJEJVufpw&hl=no&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result.
- ^ Enebakk, Magnar H.. "Koreakrigen og det norske feltsykehuset" (in Norwegian). Norwegian Military Journal. Retrieved on 16 November 2008.
- ^ “"Junior S.O.B."”, Time Magazine (21 August 1950). Retrieved on 16 November 2008.
- Hauge, Andreas (1995) (in Norwegian). Kampene i Norge 1940. 1. Sandefjord: Krigshistorisk Forlag. ISBN 82-993369-0-2.
- Øksendal, Asbjørn (1974) (in Norwegian). Gulltransporten. Oslo: Aschehoug. ISBN 82-03-06336-5.
- Voksø, Per (1994) (in Norwegian). Krigens Dagbok - Norge 1940–1945. Oslo: Forlaget Det Beste. ISBN 82-7010-245-8.
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Haakon Evjenth |
Norwegian Minister of Justice and the Police 1930–1931 |
Succeeded by Asbjørn Lindboe |
| Preceded by Asbjørn Lindboe |
Norwegian Minister of Justice and the Police 1933–1935 |
Succeeded by Trygve Lie |
| Preceded by Trygve Lie |
Norwegian Minister of Provisioning 1940–1942 |
Succeeded by Anders Frihagen |
| Preceded by position created |
Minister of Shipping 1942–1945 |
Succeeded by Tor Skjønsberg |
